{"id":9502,"date":"2022-09-11T09:53:40","date_gmt":"2022-09-11T09:53:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/?page_id=9502"},"modified":"2022-11-07T07:33:48","modified_gmt":"2022-11-07T07:33:48","slug":"module-4","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/fr\/module-4","title":{"rendered":"TR04: Les Besoins en eau \u00e0 la Ferme"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"9502\" class=\"elementor elementor-9502 elementor-6004\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2f9387 backtotop elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2f9387\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M421.9,6.5c22.6-2.5,51.5,0.4,75.5,5.3c23.6,4.9,70.9,23.5,100.5,35.7c75.8,32.2,133.7,44.5,192.6,49.7\n\tc23.6,2.1,48.7,3.5,103.4-2.5c54.7-6,106.2-25.6,106.2-25.6V0H0v30.3c0,0,72,32.6,158.4,30.5c39.2-0.7,92.8-6.7,134-22.4\n\tc21.2-8.1,52.2-18.2,79.7-24.2C399.3,7.9,411.6,7.5,421.9,6.5z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6c964b8d\" data-id=\"6c964b8d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6616f52f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6616f52f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les Besoins en eau \u00e0 la Ferme<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-141c67db elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"141c67db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Un outil pour l'efficacit\u00e9 de la production<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6550cd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6550cd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Module de formation 04<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b4435b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b4435b9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7a26131a\" data-id=\"7a26131a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12c93a0 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"12c93a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/home-page\">Accueil<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f283f4c elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6f283f4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5986b5ad elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5986b5ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/training-modules\">Modules<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d24f8d elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d24f8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1703c2e0 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1703c2e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">TR04: Les Besoins en eau \u00e0 la Ferme<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3a25053a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3a25053a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48ed81cd\" data-id=\"48ed81cd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-67c0fed\" data-id=\"67c0fed\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c69f14 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"3c69f14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/AGRIWATER_IO3_PPT_ARI-FR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-file-download\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">T\u00e9l\u00e9charger le PDF<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-469c63b7\" data-id=\"469c63b7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c89ea1d elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2c89ea1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/fr\/modules-de-formation\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-arrow-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Retour aux modules<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73d0ecad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73d0ecad\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2faba75f\" data-id=\"2faba75f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-594c4150 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"594c4150\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-373d7a7a elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"373d7a7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53191f1f animated-slow green-bullets elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53191f1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Le probl\u00e8me<\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L&rsquo;agriculture est le principal consommateur d&rsquo;eau et risque de subir les menaces les plus graves en raison de la p\u00e9nurie d&rsquo;eau.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Toute p\u00e9nurie de cette ressource naturelle essentielle met en p\u00e9ril les moyens de subsistance des agriculteurs.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Au m\u00eame temps, l&rsquo;\u00e9volution d\u00e9mographique, le d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique et les changements de mode de vie devraient intensifier la concurrence entre l&rsquo;agriculture et les autres utilisations de l&rsquo;eau, telles que les utilisations municipales et industrielles.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres \u00e0 long terme entre l&rsquo;offre et la demande d&rsquo;eau d&rsquo;irrigation devraient encore s&rsquo;accentuer car les pr\u00e9cipitations limit\u00e9es et in\u00e9galement r\u00e9parties suivent une tendance \u00e0 la baisse, tandis que la temp\u00e9rature moyenne suit une tendance \u00e0 la hausse.<\/span><\/p><h4>La solution<\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Il est conseill\u00e9 aux agriculteurs de conna\u00eetre les besoins en eau des cultures et des animaux afin de mieux se pr\u00e9parer \u00e0 la planification des exploitations, aux s\u00e9cheresses et \u00e0 la modernisation des infrastructures hydrauliques.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L&rsquo;estimation des besoins en eau des cultures est une condition pr\u00e9alable \u00e0 la mise en \u0153uvre de strat\u00e9gies d&rsquo;adaptation et \u00e0 la gestion de l&rsquo;eau agricole en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-dce-background-color=\"#F8F8F8\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3ff70714 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3ff70714\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-08bcfa1\" data-id=\"08bcfa1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ff2dfb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6ff2dfb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contenu<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4006ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b4006ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbbadec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bbbadec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#s1\">1. De combien d'eau ma ferme a-t-elle besoin?<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1c39cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b1c39cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.1. Transpiration, Evaporation and Evapotranspiration of Crops<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c07681b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c07681b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.2. Water Needs of Crops<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-659041a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"659041a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1.3. Water Needs of Irrigation<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4162f69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4162f69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#s2\">2. Strat\u00e9gies d'adaptation aux besoins en eau<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ceaa125 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ceaa125\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#se\">Sources et liens utiles<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-28b1ffa3\" data-id=\"28b1ffa3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7191ea1d dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7191ea1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/shutterstock_362501594-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2389\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/shutterstock_362501594-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/shutterstock_362501594-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/shutterstock_362501594-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/shutterstock_362501594-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/shutterstock_362501594-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5cf21181 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5cf21181\" data-element_type=\"section\" id=\"s1\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-266b056a\" data-id=\"266b056a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3522b4ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3522b4ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1. De combien d'eau ma ferme a-t-elle besoin?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f10ce8 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5f10ce8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-88d44b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88d44b0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-0ef6520\" data-id=\"0ef6520\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42fc1b8 green-bullets animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42fc1b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Les cultures ont besoin d&rsquo;eau pour la transpiration et l&rsquo;\u00e9vaporation<\/strong><\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>La transpiration <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">est le processus de perte d&rsquo;eau des plantes, principalement au niveau des feuilles.<\/span><\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>L&rsquo;\u00e9vaporation <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">est le processus par lequel une quantit\u00e9 d&rsquo;eau s&rsquo;\u00e9vapore vers l&rsquo;atmosph\u00e8re \u00e0 partir de sources telles que la surface du sol.<\/span><\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>L&rsquo;\u00e9vapotranspiration (ET) <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">est la perte totale d&rsquo;eau par \u00e9vaporation et transpiration des plantes (fig.1).<\/span><\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les besoins en eau des cultures co\u00efncident avec l&rsquo;ET, et ils sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement exprim\u00e9s en mm\/jour, mm\/mois, mm\/an ou mm\/saison.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-e14eb95\" data-id=\"e14eb95\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-427fbfc dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"427fbfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;dce_enable_tooltip&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_content&quot;:&quot;Fig. 1: Besoin en eau des cultures (\\u00e9vapotranspiration)&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_arrow&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_follow_cursor&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_max_width&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:200,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;dce_tooltip_max_width_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;dce_tooltip_max_width_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;dce_tooltip_touch&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_zindex&quot;:&quot;9999&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"698\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_01-fr-1024x894.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9511\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_01-fr-1024x894.png 1024w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_01-fr-300x262.png 300w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_01-fr-768x671.png 768w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_01-fr.png 1264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-8f8d57a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8f8d57a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-dd9afcc\" data-id=\"dd9afcc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b12c7a8 dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b12c7a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;dce_enable_tooltip&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_content&quot;:&quot;Fig. 2: Principaux facteurs climatiques influen\\u00e7ant les besoins en eau des cultures&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_arrow&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_follow_cursor&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_max_width&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:200,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;dce_tooltip_max_width_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;dce_tooltip_max_width_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;dce_tooltip_touch&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_zindex&quot;:&quot;9999&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"559\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_02-fr-1024x716.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9518\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_02-fr-1024x716.png 1024w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_02-fr-300x210.png 300w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_02-fr-768x537.png 768w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_02-fr.png 1285w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-91677a2\" data-id=\"91677a2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f927e6 green-bullets animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f927e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Principalement trois (3) facteurs influencent les besoins en eau des cultures:<\/strong><\/p><ol><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Climat<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Type de culture<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stade de croissance de la culture<\/span><\/li><\/ol><p><strong>Climat<\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les principaux <\/span><b>facteurs climatiques <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">qui influencent les besoins en eau des cultures sont : le rayonnement solaire, la temp\u00e9rature, l&rsquo;humidit\u00e9, la vitesse des vents (fig. 2). Leurs effets sur les besoins en eau des cultures sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s dans le tableau 1:<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a6d6f7 green-bullets animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a6d6f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table><tbody><tr><th rowspan=\"2\">Facteur climatique<\/th><th colspan=\"2\">Besoin en eau des cultures<\/th><\/tr><tr><th>Haut<\/th><th>Faible<\/th><\/tr><tr><td>Rayonnement solaire<\/td><td>soleil<\/td><td>pas de soleil<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Temp\u00e9rature<\/td><td>chaud<\/td><td>cool<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Humidit\u00e9<\/td><td>faible (sec)<\/td><td>\u00e9lev\u00e9 (humide)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Vitesse du vent<\/td><td>venteux<\/td><td>petit vent<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0254643 green-bullets animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0254643\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les besoins en eau d&rsquo;une culture sp\u00e9cifique, dans un endroit sp\u00e9cifique, varient consid\u00e9rablement en fonction des variations spatiales et temporelles de l&rsquo;\u00e9vapotranspiration et des besoins nets en eau.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D&rsquo;apr\u00e8s ce qui pr\u00e9c\u00e8de, il est clair que l&rsquo;<\/span><b>\u00e9vapotranspiration d&rsquo;une culture sp\u00e9cifique (et donc ses besoins en eau) est sensible aux <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">changements climatiques dans diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions, en raison des variations de rayonnement, de temp\u00e9rature, de vitesse du vent et d&rsquo;humidit\u00e9. Par exemple, une certaine vari\u00e9t\u00e9 d&rsquo;agrume, cultiv\u00e9e dans un climat frais, aura besoin de moins d&rsquo;eau par jour que la m\u00eame vari\u00e9t\u00e9 d&rsquo;agrume cultiv\u00e9e dans un climat plus chaud.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pour une gestion plus efficace de l&rsquo;eau, il est utile de prendre une certaine <\/span><b>culture standard <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ou de <\/span><b>r\u00e9f\u00e9rence <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">et de d\u00e9terminer <\/span><b>la quantit\u00e9 d&rsquo;eau dont cette culture a besoin par jour dans les diff\u00e9rentes r\u00e9gions climatiques.<\/b><\/p><h4>Type de culture<\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le type de culture a une influence sur les besoins en eau des cultures en ce qui concerne :<\/span><b><\/b><\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Besoins quotidiens en eau d&rsquo;une culture pleinement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Par exemple, le pic des besoins quotidiens en eau d&rsquo;une past\u00e8que enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e n\u00e9cessitera plus d&rsquo;eau par jour qu&rsquo;une culture d&rsquo;oignons enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e.<\/span><\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Dur\u00e9e de la saison de croissance totale de la culture<\/b><span>. Par exemple, les pois ont des besoins quotidiens en eau plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s que le melon. Mais les besoins saisonniers en eau des pois sont inf\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 ceux des melons, car la dur\u00e9e totale de la saison de croissance des pois est plus courte (90-100 jours, par rapport aux melons, dont la dur\u00e9e totale de la saison de croissance est de 120-160 jours).<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-88aba29 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88aba29\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7dfe0ee\" data-id=\"7dfe0ee\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc5d3c1 green-bullets animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fc5d3c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Le stade de croissance de la culture<\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Une culture en pleine croissance aura besoin de plus d&rsquo;eau qu&rsquo;une culture qui vient d&rsquo;\u00eatre plant\u00e9e (fig. 3).\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les besoins en eau des cultures au moment de la plantation et au cours de la phase initiale sont estim\u00e9s \u00e0 50 % des besoins en eau des cultures au cours de la phase de mi-saison, lorsque la culture est pleinement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e. En ce qui concerne le stade de fin de saison, qui est la p\u00e9riode pendant laquelle la culture arrive \u00e0 maturit\u00e9 et est r\u00e9colt\u00e9e, les besoins en eau sont diversifi\u00e9s en cons\u00e9quence :<\/span><b><\/b><\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cultures fra\u00eechement r\u00e9colt\u00e9es <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(par exemple, laitue, chou, etc.) pour lesquelles le besoin en eau de la culture reste le m\u00eame au stade de la fin de la saison qu&rsquo;au stade de la mi-saison.<\/span><\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Les cultures \u00e0 r\u00e9colte s\u00e8che <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(telles que le coton ou le ma\u00efs), dont les besoins en eau en fin de saison sont minimes et qui ne n\u00e9cessitent donc pas d&rsquo;irrigation en fin de saison.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-754dd1e\" data-id=\"754dd1e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ec881c dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6ec881c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;dce_enable_tooltip&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_content&quot;:&quot;Fig. 3: Les \\u00e9tapes de la croissance d&#039;une plante cultiv\\u00e9e&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_arrow&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_follow_cursor&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_max_width&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:200,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;dce_tooltip_max_width_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;dce_tooltip_max_width_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;dce_tooltip_touch&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_zindex&quot;:&quot;9999&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"537\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_03-fr-1024x687.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9525\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_03-fr-1024x687.png 1024w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_03-fr-300x201.png 300w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_03-fr-768x515.png 768w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_03-fr.png 1464w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7049d94 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7049d94\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ad1e7cc\" data-id=\"ad1e7cc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d5c772 dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4d5c772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;dce_enable_tooltip&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_content&quot;:&quot;Fig. 4: Besoin en eau d&#039;une culture de 15 Mm\\\/jour&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_arrow&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_follow_cursor&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_max_width&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:200,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;dce_tooltip_max_width_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;dce_tooltip_max_width_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;dce_tooltip_touch&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_zindex&quot;:&quot;9999&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"997\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/IO3_ARI_04-822x1024.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-6055\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/IO3_ARI_04-822x1024.png 822w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/IO3_ARI_04-241x300.png 241w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/IO3_ARI_04-768x957.png 768w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/IO3_ARI_04.png 909w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-0bd247d\" data-id=\"0bd247d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aaaff7d green-bullets animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aaaff7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>EXEMPLE: Besoins en eau d&rsquo;une culture g\u00e9n\u00e9rale dans un climat tr\u00e8s chaud et sec<\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Supposons que le besoin en eau d&rsquo;une certaine culture dans un climat tr\u00e8s chaud et sec soit de 15 mm\/jour. Cela signifie que chaque jour, la culture a besoin d&rsquo;une couche d&rsquo;eau de 15 mm sur toute la surface sur laquelle elle est cultiv\u00e9e (fig. 4). Cela <\/span><b>ne <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">signifie <\/span><b>pas <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">que ces 15 mm doivent effectivement <\/span><b>\u00eatre fournis <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">par la pluie ou l&rsquo;irrigation <\/span><b>chaque jour<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La culture pourrait recevoir de l&rsquo;eau d&rsquo;irrigation, par exemple 60 mm tous les 4<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0jours. L&rsquo;eau d&rsquo;irrigation sera alors stock\u00e9e dans la zone racinaire et sera progressivement utilis\u00e9e par la culture : 15 mm pour chaque jour, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l&rsquo;eau d&rsquo;irrigation ne sera pas perdue par lixiviation, ruissellement ou \u00e9vaporation.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc24b69 green-bullets animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dc24b69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Besoins en eau pour l&rsquo;irrigation<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-092096f animated-slow dce_masking-none elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"092096f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"126\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_05-fr-1024x161.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9532\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_05-fr-1024x161.png 1024w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_05-fr-300x47.png 300w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_05-fr-768x121.png 768w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_05-fr-1536x242.png 1536w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_05-fr-2048x323.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea4f103 green-bullets animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ea4f103\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sans eau, les cultures ne peuvent pas pousser. La source d&rsquo;eau la plus connue pour la croissance des plantes est l&rsquo;eau de pluie. <\/span><b>Mais que faire s&rsquo;il n&rsquo;y a pas assez d&rsquo;eau de pluie?<\/b><\/p><p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S&rsquo;il y a trop peu de pluie, l&rsquo;irrigation est n\u00e9cessaire pour compl\u00e9ter les besoins en eau suppl\u00e9mentaires.<\/span><\/i><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les deux <\/span><b><i>facteurs <\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">qui <\/span><b><i>d\u00e9terminent la quantit\u00e9 d&rsquo;eau d&rsquo;irrigation <\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">n\u00e9cessaire sont les suivants :<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">les besoins totaux en eau des diff\u00e9rentes cultures<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">la quantit\u00e9 d&rsquo;eau de pluie disponible pour les cultures<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eaee2f0 green-bullets animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eaee2f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5><strong>Pluie Efficace &#8211; \u00c9l\u00e9ments \u00e0 Prendre en Consid\u00e9ration<\/strong><\/h5><ul><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Une partie des pr\u00e9cipitations n&rsquo;est pas efficace. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Une partie percole sous la zone des racines des plantes et une autre partie s&rsquo;\u00e9coule \u00e0 la surface du sol sous forme de ruissellement. L&rsquo;eau de percolation profonde et l&rsquo;eau de ruissellement ne peuvent pas \u00eatre utilis\u00e9es par les plantes. Si les pr\u00e9cipitations sont importantes, une partie relativement importante de l&rsquo;eau est perdue par percolation profonde et par ruissellement (fig.5).<\/span><\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><b>La partie restante, appel\u00e9e pluie efficace<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, est stock\u00e9e dans la zone des racines et peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e par les plantes.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Variation des pr\u00e9cipitations au fil des ans. En particulier dans les climats \u00e0 faible pluviosit\u00e9, le peu de pluie qui tombe est souvent peu fiable ; une ann\u00e9e peut \u00eatre relativement s\u00e8che et une autre relativement humide.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avant de planter une culture, il est donc utile de prendre en consid\u00e9ration des facteurs tels que la topographie, le type de sol dominant, la texture du sol, la structure du sol et la profondeur de la zone racinaire, mais surtout le microclimat de la r\u00e9gion et la fiabilit\u00e9 des pr\u00e9cipitations.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c364dfe dce_masking-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c364dfe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;dce_enable_tooltip&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_content&quot;:&quot;Fig. 5: Pr\\u00e9cipitations non effectives&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_arrow&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_follow_cursor&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_max_width&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:200,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;dce_tooltip_max_width_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;dce_tooltip_max_width_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;dce_tooltip_touch&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;dce_tooltip_zindex&quot;:&quot;9999&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"390\" src=\"https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_06-fr-1024x499.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-9539\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_06-fr-1024x499.png 1024w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_06-fr-300x146.png 300w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_06-fr-768x375.png 768w, https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/IO3_ARI_06-fr.png 1421w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-1c760e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1c760e4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-d9327fa\" data-id=\"d9327fa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cfd9d6 green-bullets animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0cfd9d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pour chaque <\/span><b>culture, <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">les <\/span><b>besoins en eau <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sont d\u00e9termin\u00e9s, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement sur une base mensuelle, et peuvent \u00eatre trouv\u00e9s dans diff\u00e9rentes sources, comme les autorit\u00e9s locales ou la litt\u00e9rature.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les pr\u00e9cipitations effectives sont estim\u00e9es sur une base mensuelle, en utilisant les donn\u00e9es pluviom\u00e9triques mesur\u00e9es (ou les informations locales, si elles sont disponibles).<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-e238ee6\" data-id=\"e238ee6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-545b19d green-bullets elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"545b19d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L&rsquo;Institut de recherche agricole (ARI) a mis au point un outil essentiel pour les <\/span><\/i><b><i>agriculteurs chypriotes <\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">qui souhaitent conna\u00eetre les <\/span><\/i><b><i>besoins mensuels en eau de leurs cultures dans diff\u00e9rents endroits des terres agricoles de Chypre<\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Vous trouverez plus de d\u00e9tails dans le lien ci-dessous:<\/span><\/i><\/p><p><u><b><i><a href=\"http:\/\/news.ari.gov.cy\/apps\/irrigation.html\">http:\/\/news.ari.gov.cy\/apps\/irrigation.html<\/a><\/i><\/b><\/u><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-251db6d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"251db6d6\" data-element_type=\"section\" id=\"s2\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-30be1d87\" data-id=\"30be1d87\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-710093d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"710093d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. Strat\u00e9gies d'adaptation aux besoins en eau<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b94cc43 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"3b94cc43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7dbdb3b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7dbdb3b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4e5f925 elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"4e5f925\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b13f58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8b13f58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Irrigation goutte \u00e0 goutte<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2fabc5 green-bullets elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2fabc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les syst\u00e8mes d&rsquo;irrigation goutte \u00e0 goutte acheminent l&rsquo;eau directement aux racines des plantes, ce qui r\u00e9duit l&rsquo;\u00e9vaporation qui se produit avec les syst\u00e8mes d&rsquo;arrosage par aspersion.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Des minuteurs peuvent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s pour programmer l&rsquo;arrosage aux heures les plus fra\u00eeches de la journ\u00e9e, ce qui r\u00e9duit encore les pertes d&rsquo;eau.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Un syst\u00e8me d&rsquo;irrigation goutte \u00e0 goutte correctement install\u00e9 permet d&rsquo;\u00e9conomiser jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 80 % d&rsquo;eau de plus que l&rsquo;irrigation de surface, et peut m\u00eame contribuer \u00e0 augmenter le rendement des cultures.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2c449da elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"2c449da\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b386779 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b386779\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Programmation de l'irrigation<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e3ce3a green-bullets elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e3ce3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La gestion intelligente de l&rsquo;eau ne concerne pas seulement la mani\u00e8re dont l&rsquo;eau est distribu\u00e9e, mais aussi le moment, la fr\u00e9quence et la quantit\u00e9.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pour \u00e9viter de sous- ou sur-arroser leurs cultures, il est n\u00e9cessaire de surveiller attentivement les pr\u00e9visions m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques, ainsi que l&rsquo;humidit\u00e9 du sol et des plantes, et d&rsquo;adapter leur programme d&rsquo;irrigation aux conditions actuelles.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Par exemple, les agriculteurs peuvent arroser la nuit pour ralentir l&rsquo;\u00e9vaporation, ce qui permet \u00e0 l&rsquo;eau de s&rsquo;infiltrer dans le sol et de reconstituer la nappe phr\u00e9atique.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7c2cfd0 animated-slow elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"7c2cfd0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31c3c9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31c3c9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cultures tol\u00e9rantes \u00e0 la s\u00e9cheresse<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e20fd95 green-bullets elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e20fd95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La culture de plantes adapt\u00e9es au climat de la r\u00e9gion est un autre moyen pour les agriculteurs d&rsquo;obtenir plus de r\u00e9colte par goutte.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les esp\u00e8ces cultiv\u00e9es originaires des r\u00e9gions arides sont naturellement tol\u00e9rantes \u00e0 la s\u00e9cheresse, tandis que d&rsquo;autres vari\u00e9t\u00e9s de cultures ont \u00e9t\u00e9 s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9es au fil du temps pour leurs faibles besoins en eau.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-08d8fbb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"08d8fbb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-e54041b elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"e54041b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a15d7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3a15d7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Agriculture s\u00e8che<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e2fd3a green-bullets elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e2fd3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L&rsquo;agriculture s\u00e8che s&rsquo;appuie sur l&rsquo;humidit\u00e9 du sol pour produire des cultures pendant la saison s\u00e8che, en \u00e9vitant l&rsquo;irrigation artificielle.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exemples de pratiques favorisant l&rsquo;agriculture s\u00e8che: pr\u00e9paration du sol et plantation pr\u00e9coces; s\u00e9lection de cultivars tol\u00e9rants \u00e0 la s\u00e9cheresse, r\u00e9sistants ou \u00e0 maturation pr\u00e9coce; densit\u00e9 de plantation plus faible; minimisation des perturbations du sol.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Elle am\u00e9liore probablement les saveurs, mais produit des rendements inf\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 ceux des cultures irrigu\u00e9es.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd93d1f elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"cd93d1f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6189534 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6189534\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">P\u00e2turage rotatif<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-032b295 green-bullets elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"032b295\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le p\u00e2turage tournant est un processus dans lequel le b\u00e9tail est d\u00e9plac\u00e9 entre les p\u00e2turages pour favoriser leur repousse.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Une bonne gestion du p\u00e2turage augmente l&rsquo;absorption d&rsquo;eau des champs et diminue le ruissellement de l&rsquo;eau, ce qui rend les p\u00e2turages plus r\u00e9sistants \u00e0 la s\u00e9cheresse et augmente la mati\u00e8re organique du sol.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ac0cf19 animated-slow elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"ac0cf19\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e13a489 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e13a489\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Compost et paillis<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c18cc31 green-bullets elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c18cc31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On a constat\u00e9 que le compost, ou mati\u00e8re organique d\u00e9compos\u00e9e utilis\u00e9e comme engrais, am\u00e9liore la structure du sol et augmente sa capacit\u00e9 de r\u00e9tention d&rsquo;eau.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le paillis est un mat\u00e9riau r\u00e9pandu sur le sol pour conserver l&rsquo;humidit\u00e9. Le paillis compos\u00e9 de mati\u00e8res organiques, comme la paille ou les copeaux de bois, se d\u00e9compose en compost, ce qui augmente encore la capacit\u00e9 du sol \u00e0 retenir l&rsquo;eau.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le compost et le paillis aident les agriculteurs \u00e0 retenir davantage d&rsquo;eau dans le sol pendant la saison s\u00e8che.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-adcc8fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"adcc8fd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-e281c19 elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"e281c19\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e96b534 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e96b534\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cultures de couverture<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a63bfb5 green-bullets elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a63bfb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les cultures de couverture r\u00e9duisent les mauvaises herbes, augmentent la fertilit\u00e9 du sol et la mati\u00e8re organique et aident \u00e0 pr\u00e9venir l&rsquo;\u00e9rosion et le compactage. Elles permettent \u00e0 l&rsquo;eau de p\u00e9n\u00e9trer plus facilement dans le sol et am\u00e9liorent sa capacit\u00e9 de r\u00e9tention d&rsquo;eau.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les champs plant\u00e9s de cultures de couverture sont plus productifs que les champs conventionnels pendant les ann\u00e9es de s\u00e9cheresse.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-985fc3a elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"985fc3a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f839878 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f839878\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Labour de conservation<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7cde36 green-bullets elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d7cde36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le travail de conservation du sol utilise des charrues sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es ou d&rsquo;autres outils qui labourent partiellement le sol tout en laissant au moins 30 % de r\u00e9sidus v\u00e9g\u00e9taux \u00e0 la surface. Ces pratiques permettent d&rsquo;augmenter l&rsquo;absorption d&rsquo;eau et de r\u00e9duire l&rsquo;\u00e9vaporation, l&rsquo;\u00e9rosion et le compactage.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pour tirer le meilleur parti de l&rsquo;eau utilis\u00e9e par une culture, il convient de mettre en \u0153uvre l&rsquo;ensemble des pratiques propos\u00e9es par l&rsquo;agriculture de conservation, \u00e0 savoir le paillage, le compost, les cultures de couverture et le travail du sol nul ou minimal.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-9d20b36 animated-slow elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"9d20b36\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3410e2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3410e2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'agriculture biologique<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d7b8de green-bullets elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d7b8de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L&rsquo;agriculture biologique a des rendements plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s que les champs conventionnels lors des ann\u00e9es de s\u00e9cheresse, car les m\u00e9thodes biologiques contribuent \u00e0 retenir l&rsquo;humidit\u00e9 du sol.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Un sol sain, riche en mati\u00e8res organiques et en vie microbienne, joue le r\u00f4le d&rsquo;une \u00e9ponge qui apporte l&rsquo;humidit\u00e9 aux plantes.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les champs biologiques peuvent recharger les r\u00e9serves d&rsquo;eau souterraine jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 20 %.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-58ff4263 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"58ff4263\" data-element_type=\"section\" id=\"se\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6d13936d\" data-id=\"6d13936d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2419159f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2419159f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources et liens utiles<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17123e44 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"17123e44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-180f9d74 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"180f9d74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Christou, A., Dalias, P. et Neocleous, D. 2017. Variations spatiales et temporelles de l&rsquo;\u00e9vapotranspiration et des besoins nets en eau des cultures m\u00e9diterran\u00e9ennes typiques sur l&rsquo;\u00eele de Chypre. Journal des sciences agricoles, 155, 1311-1323.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dalias, P., Christou, A. et Neocleous, D. 2018. Ajustement des calendriers d&rsquo;irrigation comme strat\u00e9gie d&rsquo;att\u00e9nuation des impacts du changement climatique sur l&rsquo;agriculture \u00e0 Chypre. Agriculture 9,4.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/agriculture.vic.gov.au\/farm-management\/water\/farm-water-solutions\/how-much-water-does-my-farm-need\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/agriculture.vic.gov.au\/farm-management\/water\/farm-water-solutions\/how-much-water-does-my-farm-need<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/s2022e\/s2022e00.htm#Contents\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/s2022e\/s2022e00.htm#Contents<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/terms\/evapotranspiration.htm\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/terms\/evapotranspiration.htm<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/cuesa.org\/article\/10-ways-farmers-are-saving-water\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/cuesa.org\/article\/10-ways-farmers-are-saving-water<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/dryfarming.org\/about\/what-is-dry-farming\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/dryfarming.org\/about\/what-is-dry-farming\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Les Besoins en eau \u00e0 la Ferme Un outil pour l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 de la production Module de formation 04 Accueil > Modules > T\u00e9l\u00e9charger le PDF Retour aux modules Introduction Le probl\u00e8me L&rsquo;agriculture est le principal consommateur d&rsquo;eau et risque de subir les menaces les plus graves en raison de la p\u00e9nurie d&rsquo;eau. Toute p\u00e9nurie de [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9502","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>TR04: Les Besoins en eau \u00e0 la Ferme - LearningHub - AGRIWATER<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/learning.agriwater.eu\/fr\/module-4\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"TR04: Les Besoins en eau \u00e0 la Ferme - LearningHub - AGRIWATER\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Les Besoins en eau \u00e0 la Ferme Un outil pour l&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 de la production Module de formation 04 Accueil &gt; Modules &gt; T\u00e9l\u00e9charger le PDF Retour aux modules Introduction Le probl\u00e8me L&rsquo;agriculture est le principal consommateur d&rsquo;eau et risque de subir les menaces les plus graves en raison de la p\u00e9nurie d&rsquo;eau. 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